The Government of Canada has a vital role to play where access to explosives precursor chemicals is concerned. Of importance are the chemicals used to make homemade explosives (HMEs), which are commonly referred to as explosives precursor chemicals (termed “restricted components” for those that are subject to the Explosives Regulations, 2013 [the Regulations]). Given the rise in large-scale attacks involving HMEs among Canada's allies, proactive government action is needed in trying to mitigate potential threats before events occur. As part of the ongoing commitment of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) to the safety and security of Canadians and to further align the Canadian approach with that of international allies, NRCan constantly reviews and updates the Regulations to address national security issues. Substances such as calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), hexamSine, aluminum powder and acetone were used in international attacks and in threats from domestic extremists in Canada. The Government must ensure the proper level of control for certain sale and storage activities in relation to these substances. The current list of restricted components in the Regulations must be proactively updated to capture any chemicals that could be a threat to the safety of Canadians. Regulating the acquisition and sale of calcium ammonium nitrate, hexamine, aluminum powder and acetone (the four chemicals) would strengthen security and help identify suspicious activities (tampering, theft and suspicious purchases). It would enable enforcement activities with respect to the sale and secure storage of these chemicals, hence reducing the making of HMEs in Canada.
The Explosives Act (the Act) and the Regulations regulate the manufacturing, testing, acquisition, possession, sale, storage, transportation, importation and exportation of explosives, the use of fireworks, and specifies security measures relating to restricted components. The main objectives of the Act are to ensure public safety and to strengthen national security. Part 20 of the Regulations restricts the acquisition and sale of restricted components and sets out the requirements for their acquisition, sale and secure storage. Currently, there are 10 restricted components listed in the Regulations. The Regulations have increased controls on the sale and on the use of these restricted components by members of the general public and improved the reporting of suspicious transactions. However, other chemicals have been used for the manufacture of HMEs and have shown to be problematic in other countries. The misuse of these chemicals is a threat to the safety and security of Canadians.
The four chemicals have many legitimate uses and are available through manufacturers, distributors and a variety of retailers (primarily department stores, hardware stores, pharmacies, outdoor stores, discount stores, agriculture stores and paint stores). Calcium ammonium nitrate is primarily used as a fertilizer, preferably on acid soil. It is also an ingredient in some instant cold packs. These packs have a pouch of either ammonium nitrate (AN) or calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and a separate pouch of water. When the pouch is broken and the AN or CAN mixes with the water, an endothermic reaction occurs and the pack becomes cold. These are different from the gel packs that need to be put into a freezer to get cold. Hexamine is utilized as a curing agent for phenolic resins, petroleum production, food and agriculture, pharmaceuticals, rubber vulcanization, corrosion inhibitor and in explosives. Hexamine is also the primary ingredient in camping stove fuel tablets. Aluminum powder is commonly used in the manufacture of silver metallic pigments for coatings, electronics and packaging, added to form lightweight concrete, is utilized as an alloying agent, and as fuel in explosives, pyrotechnics and propellants. Aluminum powder is also utilized by sculptors and in the marine sector due to its corrosion resistance. Acetone is utilized as an industrial and laboratory solvent, paint thinner/cleaner, degreaser, and nail polish remover.
Calcium ammonium nitrate-based HMEs have been used in many terrorist events in Europe and Afghanistan. Over half the explosive devices found or detonated in Afghanistan are made from ammonium nitrate (AN) that was derived from calcium ammonium nitrate. Hexamine was used in Ontario by a person who pledged allegiance to ISIS for making an HME with the intent of carrying out an attack in Ontario. Hexamine was also used in the explosives that detonated during the Mumbai railway attacks in 2006. Aluminum powder is commonly used and can be found in most recipes as a fuel to make a variety of homemade explosive formulations. Aluminum powder was part of the explosive used in the Parkdale blast in Alberta in 2018. Acetone is an ingredient required for making triacetone triperoxide explosives that have been used in terrorist attacks such as the London subway bombings (2005), the Paris attacks (2015), the Brussels bombings (2016 and 2017) and the Manchester Arena bombing (2017).
The primary objective of the proposed amendments is to strengthen the security regime for restricted components by updating the list of restricted components in the Regulations to include the four additional chemicals of concern. Imposing regulatory measures on calcium ammonium nitrate, hexamine, aluminum powder and acetone would place security controls on their sale and storage in order to minimize illegitimate access to the chemicals. Law enforcement would be made aware of any tampering, theft or suspicious sales. The proposed amendments would also make administrative amendments to Part 20 of the Regulations to clarify intent.
Currently, Part 20 of the Regulations has many sections on regulatory requirements. Some sections are common to all restricted components and some sections outline specific regulatory requirements for either ammonium nitrate or for the other nine restricted components. As ammonium nitrate is the restricted component with the highest-risk, there are more regulatory requirements for sale and storage than the other nine restricted components.
The proposed amendment would change the layout of the sections in order to increase ease-of-use and provide more clarity around the requirements for each restricted component by creating three separate divisions; Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3.
Within each tier, stakeholders would be able to clearly see all requirements pertaining to their specific restricted component. The structure would be such that restricted components that fall within Tier 1 have the most requirements whereas the ones in Tier 3 have the least.
This new structure would not impact the number of requirements for restricted components that are already included in the Regulations.
The following chemicals would be added to the current list of 10 restricted components:
The proposed amendments would add ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate when contained in cold packs (also known as instant cold packs or instant cold compress) in Tier 3.
Cold packs are widely available at retailers across the country. They contain very small amounts of ammonium nitrate or calcium ammonium nitrate. In order to alleviate the burden on the industry while taking into account the risks associated with small amounts of AN or CAN, it was determined that sellers of such cold packs would adhere to the requirements of Tier 3.
Tier 3 requirements for sellers of AN or CAN contained in cold packs would be to refuse the sale of AN/CAN when contained in cold packs if there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the cold packs will be used for a criminal purpose; and to report to police and to NRCan any such refusals of sale, any theft or attempted theft or if any tampering with AN/CAN in cold packs is discovered.
There would be no requirements to enrol with NRCan, no storage controls, and no requirements for ID checking and keeping sales records.
In agreement with suggestions made by stakeholders during consultations, United Nations (UN) dangerous goods numbers would be replaced with Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers (CAS RN) to better define the restricted components that are regulated. CAS RNs would be added to three restricted components that are currently not defined by UN dangerous goods numbers. CAS RNs are used more frequently than UN numbers in safety data sheets and other product information sources. This change would also align better with other regulations in Canada and around the world that use CAS RN numbers to define precursor chemicals.
The proposed amendments would also make the following administrative changes:
NRCan undertook a series of early consultations from October 2017 to December 2018 with stakeholder groups such as Fertilizer Canada, Responsible Distribution Canada, the Canadian Paint and Coatings Association, the Canadian Consumer Specialty Products Association and Amazon. The feedback received during these consultations informed the development of the proposed amendments as well as the analysis of potential impacts.
The proposed amendments were published in the Canada Gazette , Part I, on May 18, 2019, for a 30-day consultation period.
The Canadian Consumer Specialty Products Association commented on the need to revise some of the definitions to provide more clarity while remaining consistent with the overall intent of the Regulations. NRCan agreed that the current definitions were unclear to stakeholders and to NRCan inspectors and is proposing modifications to the definitions to improve clarity.
The Canadian Consumer Specialty Products Association commented that the proposed regulatory text should clearly state that companies that acquire hexamine, acetone or aluminum powder to manufacture other products for sale (product sellers) are fully exempt, including that they do not need to enrol with NRCan for inclusion on the product sellers list. NRCan agreed that there was a need to clarify the regulatory text, and is proposing updates to the Regulations to clearly state that the requirements set out in Tier 2 would not apply to a product seller who acquires or manufactures a hexamine or aluminum powder for the purpose of manufacturing a product for sale, and they would not need to enrol with NRCan. Tier 3 requirements would only apply to component sellers and not product sellers. There would be no change in the original intent nor the actual requirements.
The Canadian Paint and Coatings Association commented that most industrial types of paint stores would have concerns with respect to the previously proposed requirements on acetone (for example requirements for enrolments, storage controls, and sales controls such as checking IDs, keeping sales records and tracking inventory). NRCan agreed to reduce proposed requirements for sellers of acetone and move acetone from Tier 2 requirements to Tier 3 requirements in order to reduce the burden on sellers of acetone. NRCan wants to balance the risk and burden on society, as acetone is sold by thousands of sellers across Canada.
Between November 2020 and February 2021, the latest changes to the proposal were discussed with stakeholders from the chemical and explosives industry, law enforcement and other governmental agencies such as, but not limited to, Fertilizer Canada, Responsible Distribution Canada, Canadian Paint and Coating Association, Canadian Consumer Specialty Products Association, Retail Council of Canada (RCC), Amazon, and eBay.
Consultations with major stakeholders were positive and welcomed. NRCan communicated its commitment to respecting the industry's commerce activity while being committed to the public safety concerns and objectives that are associated with restricted components and HMEs. Stakeholders expressed support for the proposed amendments. RCC recommended that, due to COVID-19, the proposed amendments be delayed until after the pandemic. NRCan communicated to RCC that the intent is for the proposed amendments to come into force no sooner than early 2022.
Stakeholders expressed support for the tiered approach to the Regulations, and for changing the proposal to regulate acetone as Tier 3. Suggestions were received to identify the restricted components by CAS RNs instead of UN numbers. NRCan agreed with this suggestion and has modified the proposed amendments to include CAS RNs.
NRCan also consulted with law enforcement and other governmental agencies to get their input on the proposal. The feedback they provided during the consultations was of great importance in validating the choice of chemicals to be regulated. It was also recommended to change the proposed exemption quantity for having to keep sales records from 1 kg to 0 kg for hexamine. NRCan agreed with this proposal after analyzing the security risks of the quantities of hexamine required to make powerful HMEs.
The proposed amendments are mostly targeted towards the chemical industry supply chain and would not impact the modern treaties with the Indigenous peoples of Canada.
NRCan considered the following options to meet the stated objectives.
Under the status quo, the four substances would continue to be easily accessible and the potential risks of them being used in HMEs would not be addressed. Not putting control on sales and other activities involving these substances would be inconsistent with actions taken on similar substances both in Canada and abroad. Given the need to reduce the potential for these substances to be used in HMEs and to enhance public safety, maintaining the status quo is not a viable option.
This option would entail implementing non-regulatory measures to address the potential public safety risks associated with the 4 chemicals. These measures would include developing and implementing guidelines and increasing the level of outreach and communication initiatives. While these tools could possibly achieve the objectives, there are uncertainties as to their effectiveness given their voluntary nature. Considering the 4 chemicals have very similar characteristics and risk profiles as the 10 chemicals that are currently regulated, are inexpensive, readily available and easily converted into powerful explosives, using non-enforceable voluntary tools would not provide adequate protection and would not constitute an effective measure for ensuring public safety. Furthermore, this approach would be inconsistent with measures in place for the current restricted components, which could create confusion within stakeholder groups and decrease the effectiveness of the control regime. Therefore, this option is not deemed an appropriate option to address the issue and was not considered any further.
There is evidence that some of the four substances were used in HMEs in Canada. Their continued uncontrolled availability contributes to the risk of these chemicals being used in potential terrorist attacks in the future, with adverse consequences on Canadians and their way of life. Given the importance of ensuring the safety of Canadians and the need to support the preventative actions of law enforcement partners against potential threats, adding the substances to the list of restricted components through regulatory amendments is the preferred and selected option. This would provide adequate control while preserving legitimate access to the chemicals.
Canada's $54-billion chemical industry operates in every province and territory, with key clusters in Ontario, Alberta and Quebec. The chemical supply chain is extensive and complex, and includes manufacturers, distributors and retailers of restricted components.
It is expected that approximately 18 192 Canadian sellers (component and product sellers) would be impacted by this proposal. The table below provides the estimated number of businesses currently engaged in the selling of the chemicals being considered by this proposal.
A small business, for the purpose of the small business lens, is any business, including its affiliates, that has fewer than 100 employees or less than $5 million in annual gross revenues.
A cost-benefit analysis has been conducted to assess the incremental impacts of the proposed amendments.
The proposed amendments would benefit Canadians, as they would help mitigate the security, health, and safety risks associated with the use of chemicals to make homemade explosives. These benefits have the potential to be significant, as evidenced by past terrorist events. However, given the low incidence of such events, it is difficult to estimate their probability in Canada and by how much the proposed amendments would reduce this probability. Any quantification of these benefits would thus be uncertain. Conversely, the proposed amendments would increase administrative and compliance burdens for the chemical industry and other stakeholders. These costs and benefits are discussed below. Overall, the proposed amendments are expected to result in net benefits to Canadian society.
The incremental costs have been quantified and monetized in accordance with the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat's Guidance on Cost-Benefit Analysis. The parameters used were the following: number of years: 10 (2021–2030); base year for costing: 2020; present value base year: 2021; discount rate: 7%.
Administrative costs
NRCan estimated that the main administrative costs would be as follows.
(1) Applying for enrolment
CAN, hexamine, and aluminum powder stakeholders are expected to spend about 30 minutes at a wage rate of $28 per hour to complete an application form and send it to NRCan. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 100%.
(2) Providing notice of any changes in application
CAN, hexamine, and aluminum powder stakeholders are expected to spend about 10 minutes at a wage rate of $28 per hour to make changes to the information provided in an application and send it to NRCan. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 2.5% each year, as only a small portion of businesses would need to make changes to the information in an enrolment application.
(3) Renewing enrolment
CAN, hexamine, and aluminum powder stakeholders are expected to spend about 10 minutes at a wage rate of $28 per hour to renew their enrolment once every five years. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 100%.
(4) Informing local police of location of CAN
CAN stakeholders are expected to spend 10 minutes at a wage rate of $45 per hour to notify police of locations where CAN is stored or sold. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 100%.
(5) Recording weekly inspections
CAN, hexamine, and aluminum powder stakeholders would spend about five minutes each week at a wage rate of $29 per hour to keep records of the inspections. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of CAN stakeholders also sell AN or abide by the Fertilizer Canada (FC) Code of Practice for CAN and already keep records of weekly inspections. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted aluminum powder and hexamine businesses would be 100%.
(6) Submitting annual inventory for CAN
CAN stakeholders would spend about 1.5 hours at a wage rate of $45 per hour to submit a yearly inventory to NRCan. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of stakeholders also sell AN or abide by the FC Code of Practice for CAN and would have inventory processes implemented and submitted to NRCan.
(7) Recording sales
CAN, hexamine, and aluminum powder stakeholders would spend an average of two minutes at a wage rate of $24 per hour to record an ID for an average of 300 CAN transactions per year per business, 50 hexamine sales per year per business, and 15 aluminum powder sales per year per business.
Compliance costs
NRCan estimated that the main compliance costs would be as follows.
(8) Having locked structures
CAN, hexamine, and aluminum powder stakeholders are expected to spend $500 for locksmith services or new locked cabinets. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 10% for CAN stakeholders, as about 90% of CAN stakeholders also sell AN or abide by the FC Code of Practice for CAN and already have lockable structures. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 5% for aluminum powder and hexamine stakeholders, as about 95% of hexamine and aluminum powder stakeholders already have lockable structures (some are already selling explosives, other restricted components [RCs], or other dangerous goods) or can store them behind a counter that is attended.
(9) Lighting all entrances for CAN buildings
CAN stakeholders would spend $1,000 to install new lighting. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be about 10%, as about 90% of CAN stakeholders also sell AN or abide by the FC Code of Practice for CAN and already have lighting outside.
(10) Posting signs and controlling access
CAN stakeholders would spend about $200 and hexamine and aluminum powder stakeholders about $20 to post signs and control access. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of CAN sellers already have warning signs (they sell AN or follow FC's code of practice for CAN). It is assumed that the proportion of impacted aluminum powder and hexamine businesses would be 25% and 50% respectively, as about 75% of hexamine and 50% of aluminum powder stakeholders already have signs for unauthorized access (some are already selling explosives, other RCs, or other dangerous goods).
(11) Developing security and key control plans for CAN
CAN stakeholders are expected to spend four hours at a wage rate of $45 per hour to develop the security and key control plans. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of CAN businesses also sell AN or abide by FC's Code of Practice for CAN and already have security and key control plans in place.
(12) Implementing security and key control plans for CAN and updating the plans every 12 months
CAN stakeholders are expected to spend one hour at a wage rate of $45 per hour to update their plan every 12 months. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of CAN businesses also sell AN or abide by the FC Code of Practice for CAN and already have security and key control plans implemented and being updated.
(13) Conducting weekly inspections
CAN stakeholders would spend about 10 minutes and hexamine and aluminum powder stakeholders would spend about 5 minutes each week per inspection at a wage rate of $29 per hour. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of stakeholders also sell AN or abide by the FC Code of Practice for CAN and already have weekly inspections. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted aluminum powder and hexamine businesses would be 100%.
(14) Understanding regulatory requirements for refusal of sale
CAN, hexamine, aluminum powder, acetone, and AN/CAN contained in cold packs stakeholders would spend about four hours upfront and one hour annually at a wage rate of $24 per hour to understand regulatory requirements on refusing sale to ensure compliance with the Regulations. NRCan will provide guidance documents and a training video to assist with understanding the regulatory requirements. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted CAN businesses would be 10%, as about 90% of stakeholders also sell AN or abide by the FC Code of Practice for CAN and already understand the requirements. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted aluminum powder, hexamine, acetone, and AN/CAN contained in cold packs sellers would be 90%, as about 10% of these stakeholders also sell explosives or other RCs and already understand the requirements for refusing sale.
(15) Reporting refusal to sell or suspicious activity
CAN, hexamine, aluminum powder, acetone, and AN/CAN contained in cold packs stakeholders would spend about one hour at a wage rate of $45 per hour to report a suspicious activity to the Chief Inspector of Explosives and to the local police force. Based on current report rates, it is estimated that there would be around 35 reports submitted per year combined for all the sellers (0.2% of stakeholders would be affected).
(16) Checking identification
CAN, hexamine and aluminum powder stakeholders would spend about one minute at a wage rate of $24 per hour to check ID. It is estimated that there would be on average 300 CAN transactions per year per business, 50 hexamine transactions per year per business, and 30 aluminum powder transactions per year per business.
(17) Keeping records of sale locked
CAN, hexamine and aluminum powder stakeholders would spend about two minutes at a wage rate of $45 per hour for 365 times per year to keep their sales records locked. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 5%, as about 95% of companies already have electronic records that are password protected and therefore locked.
(18) Securing vehicle and rail shipment of CAN
CAN stakeholders would take about 30 minutes at a wage rate of $30 per hour to secure their shipments. It is estimated that there would be on average 200 shipments per year per business. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 50%, as about 50% of companies already follow the FC Code of Practice and some shipments occur with AN.
(19) Providing a written notice for CAN sales
CAN stakeholders would spend about one minute at a wage rate of $24 per hour for an average of 300 sales per year per business to hand out the notice, provided by NRCan, to the buyer and the driver. It is assumed that the proportion of impacted businesses would be 100%.
Activity | Calcium ammonium nitrate | Hexamine | Aluminum powder | Acetone and AN/CAN in cold packs | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Applying for enrolment | $395 | $791 | $198 | Not applicable | $1,384 |
Providing notice of any changes in application | $24 | $47 | $12 | Not applicable | $83 |
Renewing enrolment | $92 | $184 | $46 | Not applicable | $322 |
Informing local police of location | $215 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $215 |
Recording weekly inspections | $2,615 | $52,291 | $10,105 | Not applicable | $65,011 |
Submitting annual inventory | $1,356 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $1,356 |
Recording sales | $48,592 | $16,188 | $1,212 | Not applicable | $65,992 |
Total | $53,289 | $69,501 | $11,573 | $0 | $134,363 |
Activity | Calcium ammonium nitrate | Hexamine | Aluminum powder | Acetone and AN/CAN in cold packs | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Having locked structures | $1,424 | $1,424 | $356 | Not applicable | $3,204 |
Lighting all entrances | $2,848 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $2,848 |
Posting signs and controlling access | $570 | $285 | $142 | Not applicable | $997 |
Conducting weekly inspections | $5,261 | $105,211 | $26,303 | Not applicable | $136,775 |
Developing security and key control plans | $515 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $515 |
Implementing security and key control plans | $904 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $904 |
Understanding regulatory requirements for refusal of sale (upfront) | $270 | $4,864 | $1,216 | $212,696 | $219,046 |
Understanding regulatory requirements for refusal of sale (annual) | $474 | $8,540 | $2,135 | $373,473 | $384,622 |
Reporting refusal to sell or suspicious activity | $18 | $36 | $9 | $1,582 | $1,645 |
Checking identification | $25,032 | $8,339 | $1,250 | Not applicable | $34,621 |
Keeping records of sale locked | $3,650 | $11,382 | $5,634 | Not applicable | $20,666 |
Securing vehicle and rail shipment | $310,736 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $310,736 |
Providing a written notice | $25,032 | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | $25,032 |
Total | $376,734 | $140,081 | $37,045 | $587,751 | $1,141,611 |
NRCan sought input from the Retail Council of Canada, Responsible Distribution Canada, and Fertilizer Canada regarding the expected costs of the proposed amendments on their businesses. Their responses provided data to assist in quantifying the expected costs that would be borne from complying with the proposed amendments.
The cost impacts of the proposed amendments are lower than those for the previous publication of the proposal in the Canada Gazette , Part I, on May 18, 2019. This is due to a significant reduction of estimated costs for CAN stakeholders, as most sellers were found to already follow the FC Code of Practice. In this case, these sellers are already meeting the requirements and therefore would not be imposed any incremental costs. The revised requirements for acetone sellers (proposed requirements were changed to be less burdensome) further contributed to the reduction of the estimated costs.
Some security and administrative measures are already implemented by sellers (such as stock management, employee list, verification of quantity received) and only require formalization of existing systems. Therefore, costs associated with these activities were not included in the overall analysis.
Consumers of calcium ammonium nitrate, hexamine, and aluminum powder might see a slight increase in the cost of the restricted components. This would be a result of businesses having to recuperate the additional cost and passing the cost onto consumers. The likelihood of this is low, as there are some alternatives on the market, especially for hexamine (camping fuel tablets) and for AN/CAN contained in cold packs, and therefore it is likely that most costs will be absorbed by businesses rather than passed on to consumers.
NRCan will use existing resources to implement and administer the amendments. While implementation may require reallocation of internal resources, the overall impact on operations is expected to be small and thus the associated opportunity costs would be minimal.
Enrolments: The Government of Canada would incur limited incremental costs related to processing new enrolments. Many of the sellers are already enrolled for other restricted components. Based on the number of new enrolments expected to be received by NRCan initially, it is estimated that the total incremental cost to the Government of Canada in processing applications for enrolment, update of current enrolment, or renewal of enrolment would be $6,049 over 10 years (or $861 annually). Enrolments are renewed every 5 years.
Enforcement: Incremental enforcement activities are not expected to be significant, as many stakeholders already sell restricted components and are part of the annual inspection plan. Although it may seem like these new inspections would take away or delay other inspections, the risk-based inspection plan that has been put in place by NRCan ensures that efforts are allocated to the highest priority sites. It is therefore not expected that the addition of these new substances would negatively impact current compliance and enforcement activities or necessitate added resources.
Promotion and training: Promotional activities to raise awareness about the proposed requirements, such as publishing web materials, training videos, guidance documents and pamphlets, holding webinars, contacting targeted stakeholders, and responding to enquiries, would be undertaken to support the implementation of the amendment. These activities would be conducted heavily in the first year of implementation. As many of the identified potentially impacted stakeholders already sell other restricted components or explosives, the additional compliance promotion effort by NRCan would be minimal.
Benefits are described qualitatively due to the limited data available. There is limited knowledge of the exact level of risks from HMEs, as these are low-probability and high-consequence situations. There is limited knowledge on the exact extent to which the proposed amendments would reduce this risk.
As explosives precursor chemicals continue to be misused for the manufacturing of homemade explosives in large-scale attacks around the world and in threats from domestic extremists, there is a strong general public expectation that the Government will take all reasonable steps to ensure the safety and security of its citizens while protecting their economic well-being. The proposed amendments would have a positive impact on public safety, as the intended security measures would minimize illegitimate access to the restricted components. The increased level of controls on sales and storage will make it more difficult for criminals to acquire or steal these components, hence reducing the risk to Canadians caused by their misuse.
Law enforcement would be alerted of any tampering, theft or refusal of suspicious sales regarding the four new restricted components. Since restricted components began to be regulated in 2008, there has been a number of instances where suspicious transactions were reported to law-enforcement agencies, which led to investigations. Thanks to additional reporting and better communication and signage on the four new restricted components, police would have more leads to investigate, therefore reducing the risk of HME-related crimes.
The proposed amendments would result in increased industry awareness of the potential for the substances to be misused. This would reduce the risk of these businesses becoming involved in investigations if an incident were to occur. For stakeholders, it would reduce the risk of having negative media attention if their restricted component were used in an attack.
Terrorist attacks using HMEs would have negative impacts on the Canadian economy. Given the limited number of incidents that have occurred, it is not possible to reliably assess this impact. However, as demonstrated in other countries, cost associated with terrorist-related events using HMEs would be significant. Europe has the most similarities to Canada in their explosives regulation regime and has also been victim to terrorist attacks using HMEs, providing insights into the magnitude of the impacts to their economy and potential benefits to avoiding such incidents from occurring in Canada. The RAND Europe study, which was commissioned by the European Parliament, investigated the cost of terrorism inflicted in the European Union. The study determined that terrorism negatively impacted the economic growth in Europe and around €180 billion in gross domestic product was lost between 2004 and 2016. The hardest-hit countries with the biggest financial loss were the United Kingdom (€43.7 billion), France (€43 billion), Spain (€40.8 billion) and Germany (€19.2 billion). While these costs encompass all terrorist attacks, including those carried out without the use of homemade explosives (knives, rifles, use of vehicles), they still are representative of the scope of potential financial loss. Published documentation also shows the cost inflicted by terrorist attacks using explosives in the European Union increased by 1.2 billion (€778.8 million) in 2015 and by 917 million (€586.3 million) in 2016.
The economic consequences could also include weakened consumer confidence, reduced consumption and border delays (increased security). NRCan continues to assess which chemicals should be regulated to help prevent such financial losses from happening in Canada.
Strengthened access controls to restricted components in Canada would help ensure that criminals and terrorists would encounter efficient barriers that hinder their plans to proceed with attacks with HMEs using any of the four substances, or that they would be more easily detected. This would result in a reduced number of incidents and associated emergency response costs (police, ambulance, fire) as well as a reduced risk for damage to public infrastructure and associated repair costs, and a reduced risk of injuries and deaths and related healthcare costs.
The estimated present value of total costs from the proposed amendments is summarized in Table 3.
Group | 2021 (implementation year) | 2030 | Total (present value) | Annualized average | Annualized average per stakeholder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sellers of calcium ammonium nitrate | $439,865 | $215,432 | $3,020,310 | $430,024 | $2,150 |
Sellers of hexamine | $240,705 | $102,798 | $1,472,019 | $209,582 | $524 |
Sellers of aluminum powder | $57,080 | $23,743 | $341,476 | $48,618 | $486 |
Sellers of acetone and AN/CAN contained in cold packs | $1,844,408 | $190,659 | $4,128,115 | $587,751 | $34 |
NRCan | $3,602 | $406 | $6,143 | $875 | $875 |
Total cost | $2,585,660 | $533,038 | $8,968,063 | $1,276,850 |
Some security and administrative measures are already in place by sellers (such as stock management, employee list, verification of quantity received) and only require formalization of existing systems. Therefore, these costs were not included in the overall analysis.
Over the 2021–2030 period, a total of 5 220 small businesses across all stakeholder groups are expected to be impacted by the proposed amendments. The total annualized value of costs to small businesses is estimated to be about $479,081, or about $92 per small business. The total present value of costs is estimated to be about $3,364,862, or about $645 per small business. To ensure a high level of security with respect to the targeted chemicals and products is attained and to maintain the effectiveness of the Regulations, no additional flexibility mechanism could be introduced through the proposed amendments in order to reduce the administrative burden on some small businesses. However, a decision was made to reduce requirements for sellers of acetone from the May 18, 2019, proposal (from Tier 2 to Tier 3), which would reduce burden on small businesses.
See the "Benefits and costs" section for details for each activity.
Annualized value | Present value | |
Total administrative cost | $55,014 | $386,398 |
Totals | Annualized value | Present value |
---|---|---|
Total cost (all impacted small businesses) | $479,081 | $3,364,862 |
The one-for-one rule applies because the proposed amendments would impose incremental administrative costs to businesses and are therefore considered “burden in” under the rule.
The regulatory proposal would result in an increase of administrative regulatory burden. The estimated annualized value is $73,085, which is equivalent to about $4.02 per business. The cost increase is a result of new regulatory administrative burden requirements, such as an applicant having to enrol and keep application information up to date, being applied to new stakeholders. For sellers of calcium ammonium nitrate, additional administrative burden requirements include submitting an annual inventory. More details on the requirements considered to be administrative burden are provided in the “Benefits and costs” section. The monetized costs presented in this section have been expressed in 2012 Canadian dollars (2012 CAN$) and discounted to a 2012 base year (as opposed to the figures reported for the cost-benefit analysis, which are in 2020 CAN$ and discounted to 2021). These calculations are done in compliance with the Red Tape Reduction Regulations, which specify the required method for estimation of administrative burden.
The current Canadian restricted components program regulates 10 of the highest-risk chemicals and focuses on all sellers of these chemicals. The United States controls 60 chemicals of concern, including calcium ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder, and focuses on manufacturers. Facilities in the United States that possess threshold quantities must have security measures in place to reduce the security risks associated with these chemicals. The European Union has 18 chemicals on its list of concern chemicals including calcium ammonium nitrate, hexamine, aluminum powder and acetone. Of these substances, 7 are restricted and 11 are only subject to a reporting of suspicious transactions obligation. Canada has a regulatory program and approach that is different from that of the United States and similar to that of the European Union. This amendment would help Canada to better harmonize the chemicals that would be regulated to the chemicals already regulated in the United States and the European Union. Also, Canada would introduce a Tier 3 category for acetone and calcium ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate contained in cold packs where the only requirements would be to refuse suspicious sales and to report suspicious activities and any refusals to sell. This approach would better align Canada's approach to that of the European Union.
There is no formal commitment under the Canada–United States Regulatory Cooperation Council (RCC) for the regulatory alignment with the United States for explosives precursor chemicals. Canada and the United States updated their RCC Workplan in 2020 to promote harmonization of regulations on explosives precursor chemicals where achievable, and collectively limit impact on commerce.
In accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals , a preliminary scan concluded that a strategic environmental assessment is not required. The proposed amendment would make changes to the Regulations that would not result in physical works and would have negligible environmental effects. This proposal is not likely to result in public environmental concerns.
No gender-based analysis plus (GBA+) impacts have been identified for this proposal. The proposed security requirements for storage, transport, and sale of restricted components would not negatively affect persons based on considerations such as gender, sex, age, language, education, geography, culture, ethnicity, income, ability, sexual orientation, and/or gender identity.
These proposed amendments would come into force on the 90th day after the day on which they are registered. This would provide time for industry stakeholders to implement any changes required to comply with the new regulatory requirements. As part of the implementation of these amendments, NRCan will notify stakeholders of the changes and provide additional information on the Department's website. Continued engagement with industry stakeholders will be maintained. NRCan intends to work with restricted components sellers to achieve compliance with all proposed amendments by addressing issues and providing the necessary information to comply by way of guidance documents and corresponding templates.
Compliance and enforcement activities will begin 90 days after publication of the proposed amendments in the Canada Gazette , Part II. Compliance and enforcement activities may include the following: monitoring establishment compliance through an inspection program; compliance verification and investigation activities based on complaints or identified non-compliance with the Regulations; and education, consultation and information sharing through the development of documents and other compliance promotion activities. Outreach activities aimed at informing manufacturers, distributors and retailers of restricted components would take place to increase awareness of the measures set out in the proposal and to assist parties in achieving compliance.
NRCan would actively monitor compliance throughout the supply chain, including manufacturers, distributors and retailers of restricted components. The Chief Inspector of Explosives has the right to suspend a seller's enrolment where the Act or the Regulations are contravened. The Chief Inspector may cancel a seller's enrolment in situations where there has been a repeat history of non-compliance with the Act and Regulations or where the seller jeopardizes the security or safety of the public. In both cases, the seller must be notified in writing and be given a reasonable opportunity to give reasons as to why suspension or cancellation is unwarranted. In a case where the Chief Inspector chooses to suspend or cancel a seller's enrolment, the seller may submit a request to the Minister within 15 days to review that decision. In the absence of valid enrolment, the seller cannot sell and, if found to be in violation, may be charged under the Act.
NRCan develops and publicly releases service standards that address the timeliness of authorizations on an annual basis for improved service predictability and performance for high-volume regulatory authorizations. The service standard to process an enrolment application from a restricted component seller and product seller is 30 days from receipt of the complete application.
Rinaldo Jeanty
Director General and Chief Inspector of Explosives
Lands and Minerals Sector
Natural Resources Canada
Telephone: 613‑948‑5200
Email: ERDmms@nrcan.gc.ca
Notice is given that the Administrator in Council, pursuant to section 5 footnote a of the Explosives Act footnote b , proposes to make the annexed Regulations Amending the Explosives Regulations, 2013 (Restricted Components) .
Interested persons may make representations concerning the proposed Regulations within 30 days after the date of publication of this notice. All such representations must cite the Canada Gazette , Part I, and the date of publication of this notice, and be addressed to Rinaldo Jeanty, Director General and Chief Inspector of Explosives, Natural Resources Canada, (tel.: 613‑948‑5200; email: erdmms@nrcan.gc.ca).
Ottawa, May 27, 2021
Julie Adair
Assistant Clerk of the Privy Council
1 Section 1 of the Explosives Regulations, 2013 footnote 1 is replaced by the following:
Overview
1 This Part sets out the scheme and application of these Regulations and exempts some explosives from provisions of the Explosives Act . It also defines certain terms that are used in the Regulations, including “explosives”. Finally, it explains the function of the notes that are used in the Regulations.
2 Section 3 of the Regulations is repealed.
3 Part 20 of the Regulations is replaced by the following:
Overview
454 This Part prescribes components of explosives for the purpose of the definition restricted component in section 2 of the Explosives Act , restricts the sale of those components and sets out the requirements for their sale and storage.
Definitions
455 The following definitions apply in this Part.
component seller means a person who sells a restricted component. ( vendeur de composant ) product seller means a person who manufactures a product, other than an explosive, for sale using a restricted component. ( vendeur de produit ) sell includes offer for sale. ( vendre )
Chief Inspector's delegate
456 The duties and functions of the Chief Inspector of Explosives that are set out in subsections 467(1) and 468(1), section 488, subsections 489(1), 500(1) and 501(1) and sections 514 and 515 may be performed by an inspector designated by the Chief Inspector.
Prescribed components
457 The components set out in Tables 1 to 3 to this Part are prescribed for the purpose of the definition restricted component in section 2 of the Explosives Act .
Definition
458 In this Division, Tier 1 component means a restricted component set out in column 1 of Table 1 to this Part.
Sale
459 Only a person who is authorized by this Division may sell a Tier 1 component.
Acquisition
460 A Tier 1 component may be acquired for the purpose of manufacturing products, other than explosives, for sale only by a person who is authorized by this Division to acquire a component for that purpose.
Sale — use in laboratories
461 (1) Any person may sell a Tier 1 component for use in a laboratory that is part of or affiliated with
Sale — component seller
(2) A component seller may sell a Tier 1 component. The component seller must comply with this Division.
Acquisition — product seller
462 A product seller may acquire a Tier 1 component for the purpose of manufacturing products for sale. The product seller must comply with this Division.
Component sellers list
463 Only a component seller who is on the component sellers list referred to in subsection 467(1) is authorized to sell a Tier 1 component.
Application — component seller
464 (1) The component seller must complete, sign and send to the Chief Inspector of Explosives the application form provided by the Department of Natural Resources. The application must include the following information:
Security plan
(2) The application must also include a declaration that a security plan has been prepared for each location where the Tier 1 component will be stored or sold. The plan must include
Product sellers list
465 Only a product seller who is on the product sellers list referred to in subsection 468(1) is authorized to manufacture a product, other than an explosive, for sale using a Tier 1 component.
Application — product seller
466 (1) The product seller must complete, sign and send to the Chief Inspector of Explosives the application form provided by the Department of Natural Resources. The application must include the following information:
Security plan
(2) The application must also include a declaration that a security plan has been prepared for each location where the Tier 1 component will be stored. The plan must include
Listing of component seller
467 (1) If a component seller provides the information required by section 464, the Chief Inspector of Explosives must include their name on the component sellers list, assign them a number and provide them with a document that certifies the number and effective date of listing.
Duration of listing
(2) A listing is effective for five years after the date that is set out in the document.
Listing of product seller
468 (1) If a product seller provides the information required by section 466, the Chief Inspector of Explosives must include their name on the product sellers list, assign them a number and provide them with a document that sets out the number and effective date of listing.
Duration of listing
(2) A listing is effective for five years after the date that is set out in the document.
Notice of change
469 Every component seller and product seller must provide the Chief Inspector of Explosives with a written notice of any change to the information provided in an application within 10 days after the date of the change.
Responsibilities of component sellers and product sellers
470 Every component seller must ensure that the requirements set out in sections 471 to 487 are met at each location where they store or sell a Tier 1 component. Every product seller must ensure that the requirements set out in sections 471 to 480 are met at each location where they store a Tier 1 component.
Authorized location
471 A Tier 1 component can only be stored at or sold from a location that has been disclosed in an application or in the notice of change referred to in section 469.
Notice
472 The local police force must be informed in writing of all locations where a Tier 1 component is to be stored or sold.
Locked structures
473 (1) Any structure that contains a Tier 1 component and every door, window or other point of access to a building in which the component is stored must be locked when it is not attended.
Key control plan
(2) A key control plan must be prepared in writing and implemented.
Lighting
(3) All main entrances to a building in which a Tier 1 component is stored must be lit at all times outside business hours.
Security plan
474 The security plan of a component seller or product seller must be implemented and must be updated every 12 months.
Sign
475 (1) A sign that warns against unauthorized access must be posted on the outside at each entrance to each location where a Tier 1 component is stored.
Access
(2) Access to a Tier 1 component must be limited to people authorized by the component seller or product seller.
Employee list
476 A list of the employees who work at each location where a Tier 1 component is stored or sold must be kept at that location.
Verification
477 When a Tier 1 component is received,
Stock management
478 (1) A stock management system must be put in place to account for a Tier 1 component that is under the control of the component seller or product seller.
Audit
(2) An annual inventory audit of the component must be performed.
Weekly inspections
(3) Weekly inspections of the component must be carried out. A record of the results of each inspection, including any loss or tampering and the cause of any loss that is not attributable to normal operations, must be kept for two years after the record is made.
Annual inventory
479 For each calendar year, an inventory must be submitted to the Chief Inspector of Explosives in the form provided by the Department of Natural Resources. The inventory must be submitted no later than March 31 of the year following the year of the inventory and must include the following information:
Theft or tampering
480 If any theft or attempted theft of, or tampering with, a Tier 1 component is discovered,
No sale
481 (1) A sale of a Tier 1 component must be refused if
Reporting
(2) Every refusal to sell the component under subsection (1) or section 487 must be reported to the Chief Inspector of Explosives and to the local police force within 24 hours after the refusal.
Identification
482 Before a Tier 1 component is sold, the buyer must be required to establish their identity by providing
Intermediary
483 A Tier 1 component may be sold to a buyer who is unable to establish their identity in accordance with section 482 if another component seller confirms in writing that they have been provided with the identification required for that buyer. The confirmation must set out the type of document provided to the other component seller and its reference number.
Record of sale
484 (1) A record of each sale of a Tier 1 component must be kept for two years after the date of the sale. The record must include the following information and documents:
Annual sales contract
(2) In the case of a component seller who has entered into an annual sales contract with a buyer, the information required under paragraphs (1)(a)(d) and (i) need only be recorded once in each calendar year.
Access
(3) The record of sale must be kept locked up when it is not being used and must be made available only to a person who needs access to it in the course of their employment.
Exception
(4) Subsections (1) to (3) only apply if the quantity of a Tier 1 component sold is more than 1 kg.
Shipping — vehicle
485 (1) When more than 1 kg of a Tier 1 component is shipped by vehicle,
Shipping — rail
(2) When a Tier 1 component is shipped by rail,
Notice
486 When a Tier 1 component is sold to a buyer who is not a component seller or product seller, the buyer must be provided with a written notice stating that
Responsibility of employee
487 An employee of a component seller must refuse to sell a Tier 1 component if
Suspension
488 (1) If a component seller or product seller fails to comply with the Explosives Act or these Regulations, the Chief Inspector of Explosives may suspend them from the component sellers list or product sellers list. The suspension continues until the component seller or product seller remedies the failure to comply.
Removal
(2) If a component seller or product seller fails to comply with the Explosives Act or these Regulations on more than one occasion, the Chief Inspector of Explosives may remove them from the component sellers list or product sellers list.
Right to be heard
489 (1) Before suspending or removing a component seller or product seller from the component sellers list or product sellers list, the Chief Inspector of Explosives must provide them with written notice of the reasons for the suspension or removal and its effective date, and give them an opportunity to provide reasons why the listing should not be suspended or removed.
Exception
(2) A component seller or a product seller is suspended automatically and without notice if they fail to submit the annual inventory required under section 479.
Review
490 (1) Within 15 days after the date of a component seller's or product seller's suspension or removal from the component sellers list or product sellers list, they may send the Minister a written request for a review of the decision of the Chief Inspector of Explosives.
Minister's decision
(2) The Minister must confirm, revoke or amend the decision under review.
Definition
491 In this Division, Tier 2 component means a restricted component set out in column 1 of Table 2 to this Part.
Sale
492 Only a person who is authorized by this Division may sell a Tier 2 component.
Acquisition
493 A Tier 2 component may be acquired for the purpose of manufacturing products, other than explosives, for sale only by a person who is authorized by this Division to acquire a component for that purpose.
Sale — use in laboratories
494 (1) Any person may sell a Tier 2 component for use in a laboratory that is part of or affiliated with
Sale — component seller
(2) A component seller may sell a Tier 2 component. The component seller must comply with this Division.
Acquisition — product seller
495 (1) A product seller may acquire a Tier 2 component for the purpose of manufacturing products for sale. The product seller must comply with this Division.
Exception
(2) The requirements set out in this Division do not apply to a product seller who acquires or manufactures a restricted component set out at item 10 or 11 of Table 2 to this Part for the purpose of manufacturing a product for sale.
Component sellers list
496 Only a component seller who is on the component sellers list referred to in subsection 500(1) is authorized to sell a Tier 2 component.
Application — component seller
497 The component seller must complete, sign and send to the Chief Inspector of Explosives the application form provided by the Department of Natural Resources. The application must include the following information:
Product sellers list
498 Only a product seller who is on the product sellers list referred to in subsection 501(1) is authorized to manufacture a product, other than an explosive, for sale using a Tier 2 component.
Application — product seller
499 The product seller must complete, sign and send to the Chief Inspector of Explosives the application form provided by the Department of Natural Resources. The application must include the following information:
Listing of component seller
500 (1) If a component seller provides the information required by section 497, the Chief Inspector of Explosives must include their name on the component sellers list, assign them a number and provide them with a document that certifies the number and effective date of listing.
Duration of listing
(2) A listing is effective for five years after the date that is set out in the document.
Listing of product seller
501 (1) If a product seller provides the information required by section 499, the Chief Inspector of Explosives must include their name on the product sellers list, assign them a number and provide them with a document that sets out the number and effective date of listing.
Duration of listing
(2) A listing is effective for five years after the date that is set out in the document.
Notice of change
502 Every component seller and product seller must provide the Chief Inspector of Explosives with a written notice of any change to the information provided in an application within 10 days after the date of the change.
Responsibilities of component sellers and product sellers
503 Every component seller must ensure that the requirements set out in sections 504 to 513 are met at each location where they store or sell a Tier 2 component. Every product seller must ensure that the requirements set out in sections 504 to 508 are met at each location where they store a Tier 2 component.
Authorized location
504 A Tier 2 component can only be stored at or sold from a location that has been disclosed in an application or in the notice of change referred to in section 502.
Locked component
505 (1) A Tier 2 component must be locked up when it is not attended.
Sign
(2) A sign that warns against unauthorized access must be posted on the outside at each entrance to each location where a Tier 2 component is stored.
Access
(3) Access to a Tier 2 component must be limited to people authorized by the component seller or product seller.
Employee list
506 A list of the employees who work at each location where a Tier 2 component is stored or sold must be kept at that location.
Stock management
507 (1) A stock management system must be put in place to account for a Tier 2 component that is under the control of the component seller or product seller.
Weekly inspections
(2) Weekly inspections of the component must be carried out. A record of the results of each inspection, including any loss or tampering and the cause of any loss that is not attributable to normal operations, must be kept for two years after the date on which the record is made.
Theft or tampering
508 If any theft or attempted theft of, or any tampering with, a Tier 2 component is discovered,
No sale
509 (1) The sale of a Tier 2 component must be refused if the component seller has reasonable grounds to suspect that the component will be used for a criminal purpose.
Reporting
(2) Every refusal to sell the component under subsection (1) or section 513 must be reported to the Chief Inspector of Explosives and to the local police force within 24 hours after the refusal.
Identification
510 Before a Tier 2 component is sold, the buyer must be required to establish their identity by providing
Intermediary
511 A Tier 2 component may be sold to a buyer who is unable to establish their identity in accordance with section 510 if another component seller confirms in writing that they have been provided with the identification required for that buyer. The confirmation must set out the type of document provided to the other component seller and its reference number.
Record of sale
512 (1) A record of each sale of a Tier 2 component must be kept for two years after the date of the sale. The record must include the following information and documents:
Annual sales contract
(2) In the case of a component seller who has entered into an annual sales contract with a buyer, the information required under paragraphs (1)(a)(d) and (i) need only be recorded once in each calendar year.
Access
(3) The record of sale must be kept locked up when it is not being used and must be made available only to a person who needs access to it in the course of their employment.
Exception
(4) Subsections (1) to (3) do not apply to the sale of a Tier 2 component set out in column 1 of Table 2 to this Part if the quantity sold is no more than the quantity set out for that component in column 2 of Table 2 to this Part.
Responsibility of employee
513 An employee of a component seller must not sell a Tier 2 component if they have reasonable grounds to suspect that the component will be used for a criminal purpose.
Suspension
514 (1) If a component seller or product seller fails to comply with the Explosives Act or these Regulations, the Chief Inspector of Explosives may suspend them from the component sellers list or product sellers list. The suspension continues until the component seller or product seller remedies the failure to comply.
Removal
(2) If a component seller or product seller fails to comply with the Explosives Act or these Regulations on more than one occasion, the Chief Inspector of Explosives may remove them from the component sellers list or product sellers list.
Right to be heard
515 Before suspending or removing a component seller or product seller from the component sellers list or product sellers list, the Chief Inspector of Explosives must provide them with written notice of the reasons for the suspension or removal and its effective date, and give them an opportunity to provide reasons why the listing should not be suspended or removed.
Review
516 (1) Within 15 days after the date of a component seller's or product seller's suspension or removal from the component sellers list or product sellers list, a component seller or product seller may send the Minister a written request for a review of the decision of the Chief Inspector of Explosives.
Minister's decision
(2) The Minister must confirm, revoke or amend the decision under review.
Definition
517 In this Division, Tier 3 component means a restricted component set out in column 1 of Table 3 to this Part.
Sale
518 A component seller may sell a Tier 3 component. The component seller must comply with this Division.
Theft or tampering
519 If any theft or attempted theft of, or any tampering with, a Tier 3 component is discovered,
No sale
520 (1) A sale of a Tier 3 component must be refused if the component seller has reasonable grounds to suspect that the component will be used for a criminal purpose.
Reporting
(2) Every refusal to sell the component under subsection (1) or section 521 must be reported to the Chief Inspector of Explosives and to the local police force within 24 hours after the refusal.
Responsibility of employee
521 An employee of a component seller must not sell a Tier 3 component if they have reasonable grounds to suspect that the component will be used for a criminal purpose.
Name of component (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS RN))
Name of component (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS) RN))
Name of component (Chemical Abstracts Service
Registry Number (CAS RN))
4 The Regulations are amended by striking out all of the asterisks.
5 These Regulations come into force on the 90th day after the day on which they are registered.